In 1856 the first fossils unearthed and recognized as Neanderthal were discovered (1) .
Since humans are evolving, which implies that they are improving, the
Neanderthal was often portrayed as very primitive and apish looking.
Note Figure 1 and Figure 2 below (2,3,4).
He was pictured as brutish because he was further back on the
evolutionary scale. Modern humans, according to evolution, were more
refined. These suppositions were not based on morphology and hard
science, they were based on slanting the data to fit preconceived
notions of how early man was supposed to look (5).
As any forensic practitioner knows, it is IMPOSSIBLE, from a skeleton,
to identify; extent of hair covering, hair color, nose shape, lip shape,
skin color and race. Often is not even possible to properly identify
the sex of the individual. In the pictures below, and many others like
them, what Neanderthal looked like is left to the imagination of the
artist. Consider that most anthropologists only have fragments of
Neanderthal bones to work with. It is very easy to see that their
presuppositions can influence their findings (6).
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Figure 1 (LEFT)
The picture is based on the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton, discovered in France in 1908. It was published in L'Illustration in 1909, and in the Illustrated London News about a week later. It was done by Frantisek Kupka, based on the work of Marcellin Boule.
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Figure 2 (RIGHT)
This picture appeared in
Early Man , a 1965 Time Life book.
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What
are the morphological (form and structure) facts about Neanderthals?
Have these facts been properly utilized by those who claim to follow the
evolutionary scenario? Is it possible to construct another picture of
Neanderthal man that better fits these facts?
As a scientist and a creationist, I believe that Neanderthal man was fully human, a bona fide member of the Homo sapiens family.
He was not an apish creature as he is often portrayed. These facts and
findings can be harmonized with the Biblical record.
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Facts about Neanderthal Man from Fossil Remains
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Figure 3
Neanderthal on left,
modern man on right.
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The
following facts about Neanderthal man have been discovered through
fossil remains found in various parts of Europe and the Middle East.
Neanderthal
skeletons have been unearthed with the voice box intact. These are
called hyoid bones. Neanderthal's hyoid bones are identical to modern
humans. Neanderthal had the ability to speak.
Neanderthal man was shorter than modern man (7).
Although shorter he was a very powerful individual. In figure 3 notice
how much more surface area the knee socket on the Neanderthal skeleton
has (8).
This allowed for a greater attachment of ligament, tendons, and
muscles. It also allowed Neanderthal to carry heavier loads with less
strain. Neanderthal also had extremely thick bones. In figure 5 the
extreme calcification of the bones is very noticeable. The rest of the
skeleton exhibits similar traits.
The average brain size for Neanderthals is larger than modern humans (9).
According to the evolutionary theory Neanderthals should have a smaller
braincase. Neanderthal man was extremely muscular and strong. Notice
the following quotes: |
"One
of the most characteristic features of the Neanderthals is the
exaggerated massiveness of their trunk and limb bones. All of the
preserved bones suggest a strength seldom attained by modern humans.
Furthermore, not only is their robustness present among the adult males,
as one might expect, but it is also evident in the adult females,
adolescents, and even children." (10)
"Neanderthal
was far more powerful than modern humans. Whereas archeologist can
experimentally duplicate the wear pattern on tools such as were used by
people form the Upper Paleolithic (the people that followed
Neanderthal), the wear patterns on Neanderthal's tools cannot be
duplicated." (11)
"The
evidence indicates that Neanderthals were people of incredible power
and strength - far superior to all but the most avid bodybuilders of
today." (12)
"The
vertebral columns of the Shanidar Neanderthals are similar to those of
modern man but with a marked tendency to robustness. The ribs are thick.
The upper limb bones disclose a pattern of morphology close to that of
other Neanderthals of the Near East and of Europe. This pattern includes
powerful shoulders, arms and hands built for grasping, pulling and
lifting. The lower limb remains conforms to the pattern of Neanderthal
man in that they are robust, powerfully muscled and in keeping with
upright posture and bipedal gait. In addition it seems that the
distribution of muscularity is such that powerful acceleration would
have been possible in running, jumping or climbing." (13)
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Figure 4
Neanderthal had a flatter skull but it was longer and wider. The mandible was more robust than ours.
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Figure 5
Femur bones from a Neanderthal (left) and a modern weightlifter (right).
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More facts from the Fossil Record
The skull was very thick, note figure 6.
It had prominent brow ridges. It was flatter, wider, but longer. The
longer cranial cavity had what is often called an occipital bun, a
pointed end. This allowed more room for a larger brain. The teeth were
larger. The mandible was more massive and did not protrude as much as
the modern version.
Culturally, Neanderthal was fully human (14).
He buried his dead. He drew paintings on cave walls. He used fire and
tools. He played the flute. He worshipped bears. He was cannibalistic.
He cared for the injured and elderly. In essence he did the things that
other humans have done down through history.
In summary,
Neanderthal was more muscular, more agile, and stronger with a greater
bone density than modern humans. He also had a bigger brain. He would
easily overpower most modern day Homo Sapiens. When archeologists
describe Neanderthal they often use the word "robust." This is a fancy
way of saying bigger, thicker or larger.
Facts from the Bible
The
people who lived before and immediately after the flood lived a very
long time! This had a profound physiological effect upon their body
systems. This would especially affect the growth of bones. The average
age of the people mentioned in Genesis 5 (the ten generations from Adam
to Noah) was 857 years. After the flood, from Shem to Abraham (ten
generations), the average age was 323. Today the average life expectancy
is about 78 years in the United States.
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Life Spans
before the Flood
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Life Spans
after the Flood
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| Biblical Patriarch | Life Span | Biblical Patriarch | Life Span |
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| Adam | 930 | Shem | 600 |
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| Seth | 912 | Arphaxad | 498 |
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| Enosh | 905 | Salah | 433 |
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| Cainan | 910 | Eber | 464 |
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| Mahalealel | 895 | Peleg | 239 |
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| Jared | 962 | Reu | 239 |
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| Enoch | 365 | Serug | 230 |
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| Methuselah | 969 | Nahor | 148 |
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| Lamech | 777 | Terah | 205 |
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| Noah | 950 | Abraham | 175 |
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Man's
nature had gone from bad to worse. The world was extremely violent
(Genesis 6:5, 13). Any fossils bone of the antediluvians would show
signs of this violence in the form of broken bones, scars, and healed
over bone growths. The Bible says that these men accomplished great
deeds and that they were "men of renown." (Genesis 6:4)
The ecological systems of the Earth
underwent catastrophic changes with the coming of Noah's flood. These
included; a restructuring of the atmosphere, changes in the magnetic
field (15), great mountain building episodes and volcanic activity (16), the start of the ice age(s) (17),
the beginning of a meteorological cycle based on rain and wind systems
(Genesis 2:5-6, 9:16), a geological restructuring of the earth with
great sedimentary deposition of water borne particles, a great earth
wide extinction of air breathing land dwelling animals (Genesis
7:21-22), the deepening of the ocean basins to collect the flood waters
(Psalm 104:5-9).
The nature of animals was changed. In the Garden
of Eden, Adam was able to name all the animals. They apparently had no
fear of man. After the flood this was a thing of the past. Some animals
would kill people because God allowed man to avenge himself on any
animal that killed a human (Genesis 9:5). Also the rise of Nimrod was
made possible by his skill as a hunter, in other words he made a name
for himself, by protecting people from the beast of the earth and their
newly acquired ferocious nature (Genesis 10: 8-10). |
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Figure 6
A
comparison of the cranium of a modern man and a Neanderthal man. In
their construction Neanderthal looks very much like any other stocky,
modern, muscular, well built person.
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The Bible says that God was going to destroy not only mankind but also the Earth (Genesis 6:13). When Noah disembarked from the ark the world was a completely different world than the one he had been living in.
Are Neanderthals unique? Are they FULLY human?
What
caused Neanderthal's unique facial and skeletal characteristics?
Evolutionists will tell you that since Neanderthal is an ancestor of
modern humans the morphological differences are due to the evolutionary
changes that are constantly remolding our features. Is evolution the
only mechanism by which these changes could have been produced? Many
scientists disagree with the theory of evolution.
If there is a simpler answer does it not make sense to examine the
evidence? What I would like to do is summarize and present evidence from
my own research, and the research of others, that shows that
non-evolutionary factors and forces could have produced Neanderthal's
unique anatomical differences.
Neanderthal was not a combination half-man half-ape. He was fully human and was a full-fledged member of the human family (18).
Although he carried this distinction there were some slight anatomical
differences. I believe that these differences could be explained in the
context of the events that occurred in the opening chapters of the book
of Genesis. This included the events before and after Noah's flood.
Noah's
flood was a major catastrophe that affected the earth. As has already
been shown these factors affected all of the earth's ecological system.
These changes in the ecological system affected the physiological
systems of the humans that lived on the earth. Most modern day geologist
and evolutionist do not fully comprehend the ramifications of the
flood. The vast majority of these scientists follow the
uniformitarianism principle as it relates to the events of the earth's
prehistory. They believe that the "present is the key to the past." They
will only accept as possible what is happening today. Since there are
no earth wide floods occurring now there have never been any in the
past. They have blinded their eyes to divine revelation. Since no one
can prove with certainty what has happened in the past they refuse to
consider any other position except their own. My assertion is that the
earth's geologic structures and the biological system that we see in
operation today can be fully explained in the context of Biblical
revelation.
What were some of the physiological and
environmental factors that produced Neanderthal man? Before we address
this topic certain groundwork must be laid. As humans we tend to view
things from our own perspective. We consider it normal to die at about
72 years of age. We consider it normal to be in a constant state of
battle with various debilitating diseases. We consider it normal to age
the way we do. We consider it normal to go through puberty in our
teenage years and be married in our twenties. We consider it normal to
retire at 65 because our bodies are too old to continue to function. We
consider all these things normal because this is the only way of life
that we have know.
But consider the facts as outlined in the
Bible. Think about how different life would be if we had lived in the
world before the flood. What if it was normal to have good health? What
if it was normal to eat foods that actually helped retard or slow the
aging process? What if it was normal to go through puberty at around 30
or 40 years of age? What if it was normal to be able to live 500+ years?
What if it was normal to be able to conceive and bear children at the
age of 100, or 200, or 300? What if the characteristic of Neanderthal
morphology were normal? What if it were normal to have a bigger brain
than you have now? What if it were normal to have a bone structure that
was 20 to 25% more dense than you have now? What if it were normal to
have a well-muscled and healthy body? A body that could do massive
amounts of physical work and do this type of work for centuries.
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Figure 7
Compare these Neanderthals with Figure 1 and Figure 2.
Recent research has shown that Neanderthal was a very modern looking
individual. He was well muscled, extremely strong, and had a well
developed skeleton. He also had all the cultural attributes of modern
man. These drawings are the work of scientific illustrator Jay
Matternes, from the October issue of Science 81.
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What
I am proposing is that we need to completely change our thinking about
Neanderthal man. I propose that he is normal and we, modern day humans,
are abnormal. If this is true, then in fact we have been devolving. We
are on a downward path as a species. This goes contrary to the theory of
evolution, but it fits nicely within the framework of biblical
knowledge about our ancestry and our current path as a society.
Were they descendants of ADAM?
What
would happen to a human baby that was born into the antediluvian world?
Would it age and develop the way babies do today? My contention is that
the Neanderthal characteristics were a physiological response to a
human being living under the conditions as described in the early
chapters of Genesis. There are several factors that we need to examine
in our explanation of Neanderthal's unique morphology.
Neanderthal
man was a direct descendant of Adam. He was therefore closer to the
creation than we are. Adam and Eve did not suffer from genetic loading.
Genetic loading is the devolution of our genetic material via mutations
and alterations in our chromosomes. The Bible states that after Adam and
Eve were created that God pronounced his creation very good (Genesis
1:31). Adam and Eve had perfect genetics. They would not suffer from
many of the genetic diseases that we have today because of genetic
imperfection. After Adam and Eve sinned then death and decay was
projected into the picture. The question is often asked where did Adam
descendant get their spouses. The answer is that they intermarried among
themselves. This would not have caused any physical problems because
there would have been no genetic loading. When a mutation occurs in the
genetic material it is usually recessive. In other word it does not
manifest itself unless it is matched with another recessive gene from
the other parent. Adam's closer descendants did not have these mutated
recessive genes. Abraham married his half-sister. This caused no genetic
problems. As mankind progressed (devolved in reality), then God had to
institute marriage laws. By this time humanity had built up a number of
genetic mutations and marriage among close relatives would have caused
defects and diseases.
What caused these genetic mutations? Many
factors cause mutations. Some include ionizing radiation, non-ionizing
radiation and chemical carcinogens (19).
Atmospheric radiation reaches us from the sun and some naturally occurs
in the rocks of the earth. Carcinogen are eaten, absorbed, or breathed.
What could have lessened the formation of mutations in the
past? There are many theories. One concerns atmospheric and magnetic
changes. According to the proponents of this scenario an increase in the
strength of the earth's magnetic field, through its increased shielding
effect, would have kept excessive solar radiation from entering the
earth's atmosphere. This solar radiation has been implicated in many
chromosomal mutations. But the sun is not the only source of radiation.
The rocks of the earth give off natural radiation. Radon-222 (Radon for
short) is a radioactive decay product of uranium-238 and radum-226.
Radon has been shown to cause cancer in humans. Much radioactive rock is
buried below the surface of the earth. The flood of Noah cause
large-scale massive tectonic activity. There were great earthquakes and
volcanoes. This brought the deeply buried radioactive elements to the
surface of the earth. After the flood there was an increase in the
background radiation both from the sun and the new volcanic deposits. It
is interesting to note that the life span of the people mentioned in
the Bible dropped dramatically after the flood. This would have been
caused by the increase in the genetic malformations, which were linked
to the atmospheric and geologic radiation.
Let us now turn our
attention to carcinogens. Carcinogens are chemicals that we are expose
to that cause cancer. In the pre-flood world the transport of
carcinogens would have occurred at a different rate. The book of Genesis
states that the earth at this time did not have a rain-evaporation
cycle. All of the moisture was deposited by a dew process (Genesis 2:6).
This would retard the spread of any chemical. These carcinogens would
not have a transport mechanism and would therefore remain outside of the
diet of the people before the flood. Only in recent times, when
chemicals have been concentrated and become widespread, has the
carcinogenic effect of chemicals been noted. After the flood the
meteorological conditions of the earth changed. Rain was now a transport
mechanism. This allowed man to ingest more chemicals and trace element
than before. These newly ingested carcinogens would have had affects on
the rates of cancer and disease. It would also have shortened the life
span of people after the flood.
These shortened life spans would
have cause vast morphological changes in human and animal anatomical
systems as compared to organism that lived longer. Once again we must
consider that God's intention was for humans to live a long time. We are
living in a cursed world. God pronounced a curse on the earth (Genesis
3:17 ; 5:29). This cursing of the earth affected the production of
increased solar and ground radiation, carcinogens, hostile environmental
conditions, a change in fauna and therefore lessened nutrition, less
oxygen and reduced atmospheric pressure. All of these factors tended to
lessen the life span of post diluvium mankind.
Do they have a LONG life?
Little
research has been done on the effects of aging, above the 120-year
level, on the human anatomy. The reason that limited research has been
done on this field is the constraints placed on scientist by the
uniformitarian philosophy. Since humans usually do not live past 120
years of age today, they certainly did not live any longer in the past.
The question still remains what would happen to a child born into the
pre-flood world when the life expectancy was in the hundreds of years?
Would not the environmental factors extant at that time affect his
growth and development? We would not expect to see changes in human's
morphology.
Much scientific literature addresses the subject of skeletal and cranial shape changes that would occur as a person aged. (20,21,22,23).
This research presents a convincing case that accounts for the unique
Neanderthal morphology to the cranium and skeletal features. The main
thrust of this research states that as humans age, the skull flattens,
it becomes wider, and it lengthens. The pronounced brow ridges can be
accounted for by the long term and greater pressure that the Neanderthal
chewing would place on the teeth and face (24).
Since the Neanderthals were more muscular and heavier boned, the brow
ridges would become more pronounced in order to allow the greater stress
to be absorbed. All of these features would occur to modern man if he
lived longer and had a heavier musculature (25). In other words, Neanderthal unique cranial features were a result on non-evolutionary factors.
Another
factor to consider is the nutritional factor. Some Neanderthal
skeletons exhibit skeletal changes that are consistent with rickets.
Rickets is a vitamin D deficiency. The body's skin tissue produces
vitamin D when the body is exposed to ultraviolet sunlight. People that
do not have the proper amount of vitamin D develop rickets, which is a
bending and thickening of some of the skeletal bones. The Neanderthal
population lived during the Pleistocene Epoch, sometimes called the ice
ages. They would spend most of their time in caves. They would tend to
wear fur clothing, which covered most of the skin. All of these factors
would not allow enough exposure to the sun and would therefore produce
rickets. The first Neanderthal skeletons that were analyzed all show
features characteristic with rickets (26). Once again this is a non-evolutionary explanation for Neanderthal features.
Conclusion
Neanderthal
man was a direct descendant of Adam and Eve. He was fully human and was
a product of his environment. Neanderthals were larger brained, more
muscular, extremely strong, and longer-lived than modern man. We must
not let our preconceived notions about supposed prehistoric men cloud
our picture of the proper understanding of Neanderthal man. Only when we
consider all the facts can we see the complete picture.
Neanderthal
man was not a product of evolution. All of the evidence properly
understood supports the Genesis account of early man as described in the
Bible.
Source: biblestudy.org |
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